Abstract:

Localization of kidney stones and targeting for lithotripsy can be challenges especially with ultrasound. However, twinkling artifact has been observed where Doppler ultrasound imagers assign color to the stone. We report a preliminary investigation from our observations in a porcine model and hypothesize why this artifact occurs. Glass beads, cement stones, and human stones were surgically placed into the renal collecting system through the ureter. The stones were imaged using several transducers and ultrasound imagers. In all cases, the twinkling artifact of the stone was observed, and its appearance and radiofrequency signature were unique from those of blood flow. Calcium oxalate monohydrate stones and smooth stones were not more difficult to image, contrary to previous reports. Increasing gain or placing the focal depth distal to the stone enhanced the artifact, but other user controls showed little effect. Twinkling started at the lateral edges of the stone and spread over the stone as gain was increased. The evidence supports the hypothesis that small motions induced by radiation force or elastic waves in the stone cause changes in received backscatter, particularly at imaging angles oblique to the stone surface. [Work supported by NIH DK43881 and NSBRI SMST01601.]